APIs are the connective tissue of modern applications. They enable real-time communication between microservices and data exchange with third-party services. But this critical role also makes APIs a major source of risk: a single failed or slow API can disrupt user journeys, degrade performance, and cause outages.
That’s why API monitoring has become essential. Monitoring tracks metrics like response time, error rate, throughput, and saturation to ensure APIs remain reliable, performant, and resilient. In this article, we’ll explore the most important metrics, architecture-specific challenges, and best practices for monitoring APIs effectively.
Summary of Key API monitoring concepts
What are the key API monitoring metrics?
These are the core metrics engineers rely on to evaluate API performance and resilience:
Response time: How do percentiles like p95 and p99 help measure performance?
Response time is a measure of how long it takes an API to process a request and return a response. Fast response times ensure a positive user experience and maintain system reliability. There are several different aspects to response time, including:
The specific aspects of response time necessary for a particular API depend on the use case. For example, a medical device like a pacemaker has strict real-time requirements. A delay could lead to adverse health events for patients. In contrast, other applications like monthly financial reporting have less stringent requirements and don’t depend on real-time responses.
In either case, it is important to monitor the response of your API to ensure system reliability. Both API requirements and API use cases influence the decision to implement real-time monitoring with live traffic vs. historical monitoring once the traffic has moved through your API infrastructure.
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Error rate: What do common error codes reveal about API health?
Error rate represents the percentage of erroneous responses compared to total responses generated by the API. It’s important to mitigate the error rate as much as possible because a high error rate has a detrimental impact on user trust, application stability, and growth.
Most common errors belong to the three categories below—but there may be some exceptions.
- Data errors,
- Network errors,
- Authentication errors.
Understanding the codes for each error and how to interpret them are essential to discovering the source and solution method. Please see the below table for common types of errors and their associated categories.
Latency: Why does latency matter for real-time APIs?
Latency measures the time delay between requests being initiated and the corresponding response being received. It significantly impacts response time and is critical for real-time data delivery.
Many factors can impact latency. For example, a VPN connection traversing the network for multiple internet service providers may introduce latency, which is difficult to diagnose without monitoring the segments of the end-to-end transaction path.
Usually, as APIs become more complex, latency increases because the APIs involve more steps and more data. As you extend the architecture of an API, it is essential to leverage test-driven development and reduce latency early on.
Throughput
Throughput quantifies the number of requests an API can handle within a specific time frame. Throughput also has a significant impact on response time. Maintaining optimal throughput is crucial to meeting users' needs and preventing bottlenecks during high usage.
Rate limiting
Rate limiting is an important metric to consider for API monitoring and ensuring the security of an API. Rate limiting is a mechanism that controls the number of requests that a single client can make to an API. Limiting the number of requests per second prevents abuse from bad actors. It also mitigates attacks like path gaming attacks by limiting the opportunities for hackers to probe the API architecture.
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Availability
Availability is a fundamental metric to include in API monitoring. It refers to the proportion of time an API remains operational and accessible. Maintaining high availability for your API is important to build trust with users and maintain a good reputation for your application or service.
Saturation
Saturation occurs when an API’s resources are fully utilized. It can harm both response time and availability. As your API gets closer to its saturation point, response time increases because the API may have to queue requests or reject them altogether.
Ideally, the operations teams determine the saturation point in advance by conducting load testing and increasing synthetic emulated transactions until they discover the systems' breaking point. They would then set a threshold of transactions per minute (TPM) in their monitoring tool to alert when the system nears the peak.
How can you implement API monitoring in Python?
You can use several Python open source libraries for API monitoring, including Requests, Locust, GRErequests, Pyperfect, Requests-Mock, Flask-Limiter, and Django-Ratelimit. You can also include software as a service (SaaS) tools like Catchpoint that adhere to the OpenTelemetry framework, prevent vendor lock-ins, and save you the time to set up and maintain an API monitoring tool based on open-source projects.
Your exact API monitoring implementation depends on the needs and architecture of your API. Below is an example in Python of monitoring some of the key metrics discussed above. We implement it with the Requests open-source library.
import requests
import time
# API endpoint for fictional coffee shop website
api_url = "https://GreatfulGrounds.com/products"
# Number of requests to make
num_requests = 20
# Initialize variables for tracking metrics
total_response_time = 0
error_count = 0
successful_requests = 0
# Loop to make API requests
for _ in range(num_requests):
start_time = time.time()
response = requests.get(api_url)
end_time = time.time()
# Calculate response time
response_time = end_time - start_time
total_response_time += response_time
# Check for errors
if response.status_code != 200:
error_count += 1
else:
successful_requests += 1
# Calculate average response time
average_response_time = total_response_time / num_requests
# Calculate error rate
error_rate = (error_count / num_requests) * 100
# Calculate throughput
throughput = num_requests / total_response_time
# Calculate availability
availability = (successful_requests / num_requests) * 100
# Print metrics
print(f"Average Response Time: {average_response_time:.4f} seconds")
print(f"Error Rate: {error_rate:.2f}%")
print(f"Throughput: {throughput:.2f} requests per second")
print(f"Availability: {availability:.2f}%")Open source solutions have their limitations. It is better to use solutions like Catchpoint API monitoring that provide a set of dashboards, reports, and alerts as part of an integrated solution. It also includes monitoring third-party services involved in the end-to-end transaction path, such as DNS, CDN, and internet service providers. Another value of the Catchpoint solution is monitoring the end-user experience via real-user monitoring (RUM) and synthetic monitoring. It provides visibility into what the users experience in the application’s user interface and tests the transactions when no one is using the application to ensure expected performance.
By leveraging the OpenTelemetry framework, Catchpoint benefits from open source community support for instrumentation available for multiple programming languages and collectors, including the functionality of creating customized collectors.
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What challenges arise from different API architectures?
API architecture is very diverse and continues to expand due to the emergence of new technologies. Today's most common architectures are monolithic, microservices, serverless, REST, and GraphQL APIs. Each of the architectures has its strengths and challenges.
Monolithic vs. microservices
Monolithic architecture consists of a single, self-contained system. While the simplicity makes monitoring more straightforward, managing its upgrade and uptime can be challenging. If a monolithic API fails in one part, the whole API will fail.
In contrast, the microservices architecture consists of a collection of small, independent services and is recognized as the reference architecture for applications that require large-scale and uninterrupted availability. The design offers more flexibility and horizontal scalability compared to monolithic systems. However, monitoring becomes more tedious because of the complex mesh of interdependent microservices communicating via local APIs. The APIs are typically containerized and orchestrated using Kubernetes and service mesh frameworks like Istio. You can learn more about the transition from monolithic to microservices in this article.
Serverless
Serverless architecture uses cloud providers like GCP, AWS, and Azure to handle API hosting and management. This approach streamlines resource management and also reduces the in-house personnel requirements.
Even with these benefits, there are some drawbacks. Monitoring becomes more complex in this scenario due to
- Lack of direct server access
- Constant variability in resource usage with dynamic scaling
- Challenges in debugging the system due to hidden complexities in the cloud platform.
REST vs. GraphQL
The choice of REST versus GraphQL is independent of the application architecture options described above. REST APIs have established themselves as a staple in API architecture choices due to industry longevity, simple request-response model, and adherence to well-defined industry standards. Also, a wide range of both open-source and closed-source tools are available to help facilitate their development and monitoring. However, they can be quite large, with numerous endpoints, creating their own monitoring challenges.
GraphQL, a more recent addition to the API design, has gained traction in recent years. Its unique approach to data fetching allows clients to have really granular control of their data requests. This often leads to more data requests and introduces additional challenges for monitoring the large variety and number of requests.
What are best practices for API monitoring strategy?
A strategic plan for API monitoring should be considered before, during, and after API development. Here are some strategies to consider in developing an API monitoring plan.
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Choose the appropriate tooling
You should choose the tooling that best works with your use case, architecture, and tech stack, as well as your budget. Let’s examine two scenarios - an order management app and a global supplier management app. The order management app is primarily used for special and advanced customer orders. Due to the simplicity of the app and its limited user base, target monitoring is sufficient for monitoring the APIs that support the app.
In contrast, consider the global supplier app serves thousands of supplier partners across six continents to ensure timely delivery of raw materials and finished products to their target destinations. As a result of the more complex architecture of the app and a much larger global audience, comprehensive monitoring is essential. One failure in the supplier app could cause a domino effect on stakeholders worldwide.
Synthetic monitoring could be a powerful tool in the comprehensive plan for monitoring global APIs, like the use case in our second example. Using synthetic monitoring allows the company to simulate diverse scenarios and proactively address issues before they occur and impact stakeholders across several continents and service providers. Coupled with advanced alerts like those provided by Catchpoint API monitoring, synthetic monitoring could be a part of a global monitoring strategy that ensures application reliability.
Determine your monitoring frequency and intervals
The choice between real-time monitoring versus periodic monitoring should be based on the use case of your API, requirements for the freshness of the data, service level agreements, and how critical the API is to any fundamental needs of your business organization. For example, APIs supporting medical devices require real-time data availability. The severity of the consequences leaves little room for delays. Consequently, an API monitoring strategy for pacemaker APIs and similar technologies requires real-time monitoring measured in seconds and not minutes or hours.
On the other hand, consider financial reporting for a retail application that supports financial projections. The API reports the inventory and sales numbers at the end of the day. While there are definite business requirements for API result accuracy, there is less urgency. API monitoring, in this case, may only require daily checks to make sure the API is still up and running for when users need to access it.
How does tracing strengthen API monitoring?
Metrics are the staple of API monitoring, but transaction tracing has also become quasi-mandatory in environments that involve a large mesh of microservices and third-party APIs. Microservices architectures allow operations teams to scale their applications without introducing a single point of failure, while third-party APIs enable efficient communication across company boundaries, however, their value comes at the cost of complexity. Troubleshooting a slowdown in an environment comprised of dozens of microservices and third-party APIs is too complex without transaction tracing, so make sure the tool you choose to monitor your APIs includes this feature. You can learn more about distributed tracing concepts by reading this article.
Why is OpenTelemetry important for API monitoring?
Open standards and frameworks like OpenTelemetry help clients and vendors alike. They help clients by avoiding lock-in to proprietary technologies, and they help vendors minimize research and development costs because the framework supports multiple programming languages and offers tracing, logging, and metrics. The lower development costs translate into a more competitive pricing that, in turn, benefits the customers. The peace of mind of knowing as an end-user that you can change vendors without replacing the libraries used to instrument your API code is immensely valuable.
Customize your alerts
Customizing alerts for your API can be a powerful tool to maintain your API’s reliability and meet business critical requirements. There are as many opportunities to customize alerts as diverse applications that use APIs, each with distinct needs. Set alerts for the metrics most critical to business needs with appropriate threshold values.
For example, consider an energy application that directly markets to consumers. The APIs that support the app could be set up for alerts like response time, checkout process success rate, and payment gateway uptime. Each of the alerts could have unique thresholds tied to a business need. For instance, alerts could be triggered if the app response time exceeds a two-second threshold. Strategic alerting prevents the app from losing potential customers due to the long response time.
Once your alerts are set, they can trigger further automation to resolve the issue.
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Document your testing process
Document your testing process throughout to discover opportunities for optimizing your product or service. Also, continue to test throughout the life cycle of the API iteratively. Most importantly, create a central document or runbook containing your company’s standard operating procedures for identifying and resolving common issues with your API. When organizing your documentation or runbook, consider organizing tasks by automation level. This gives you the opportunity for partial or complete automation of tasks by using relevant scripts. It also helps to streamline your service workflow further and optimize the operational efficiency of your team.
What role do SLO dashboards play in API resilience?
Real-time dashboards provide an easy way to visualize, track, and share service level objectives (SLO). SLOs are measurable targets defining the level of service a business or organization has committed to delivering to its customers. They typically include uptime, response time, and error rates. For example, if a service level objective is 99% uptime, you can use a real-time dashboard to check and see that this objective is being met. Also, they are easy to interpret and share key metrics with technical and business users. It helps to identify problems and begin remediation quickly. By tracking these service level objectives in real-time, you can ensure you’re meeting your customers' needs.
How can teams troubleshoot across the entire transaction path?
Troubleshooting relies on API monitoring to identify the root cause of performance problems. Common challenges, such as bottlenecks, scaling, and error handling, can all be improved by strategically leveraging API monitoring data and error codes.
For example, throughout can be a good indicator of how well your API is scaling. It is also important to differentiate if the API is the cause of the performance issue or if it relates to third-party tools in the API request path. For instance, network disruptions such as DNS delays, IP traffic delays, and even loss of data packets can cause performance issues unrelated to the API itself. Hence, it’s important to monitor the entire path of an API transaction, including the end-user experience, to understand the impact of slowdowns on the applications and pinpoint the root cause of performance problems without tedious troubleshooting.
What’s the bottom line for API monitoring?
APIs now drive nearly every digital experience, but their complexity demands more than basic uptime checks. Effective monitoring means tracking response time, availability, reliability, and saturation across diverse architectures, from monolithic to microservices to serverless.
By adopting best practices such as synthetic testing, distributed tracing, OpenTelemetry instrumentation, and customized alerts, SRE and DevOps teams can move from reactive to proactive monitoring. This ensures APIs are resilient under load, reliable across geographies, and aligned with business-critical SLOs.
With Catchpoint IPM, teams gain visibility across the entire Internet Stack—from DNS to CDN to end-user experience—helping pinpoint failures faster and maintain resilient, user-centric application.
FAQs
Why is web API monitoring important for modern applications?
APIs power most digital interactions, but a single slow or failing API can disrupt user journeys and cause outages. Monitoring ensures APIs remain reliable, performant, and resilient. Learn more in our guide to critical requirements for modern API monitoring.
What are the most important API monitoring metrics?
Key metrics include response time (p95/p99 percentiles), error rate, latency, throughput, rate limiting, availability, and saturation. Together, they provide a complete picture of API health and performance. Explore how these metrics support resilience in Mastering API monitoring for digital resilience.
How can tracing improve API monitoring?
Distributed tracing follows requests across microservices and third-party APIs, helping identify bottlenecks and root causes faster than metrics alone. Learn more abou Catchpoint's tracing capablities.
What challenges do different API architectures create for monitoring?
Monolithic APIs create single points of failure, microservices add interdependency complexity, and serverless introduces hidden layers in cloud platforms. REST APIs are widely supported, while GraphQL’s flexibility complicates monitoring due to varied request patterns. Learn how architecture impacts resilience in our web API monitoring case study.
